WTF Langchain极简入门: 09. 回调 (Callback)
最近在学习Langchain框架,顺手写一个“WTF Langchain极简入门”,供小白们使用(编程大佬可以另找教程)。本教程默认以下前提:
- 使用Python版本的Langchain
- LLM使用OpenAI的模型
- Langchain目前还处于快速发展阶段,版本迭代频繁,为避免示例代码失效,本教程统一使用版本 0.0.235
根据Langchain的代码约定,Python版本 ">=3.8.1,<4.0"。
所有代码和教程开源在github: github.com/sugarforever/wtf-langchain
简介
Callback
是 LangChain
提供的回调机制,允许我们在 LLM
应用程序的各个阶段使用 Hook
(钩子)。这对于记录日志、监控、流式传输等任务非常有用。这些任务的执行逻辑由回调处理器(CallbackHandler
)定义。
在 Python
程序中, 回调处理器通过继承 BaseCallbackHandler
来实现。BaseCallbackHandler
接口对每一个可订阅的事件定义了一个回调函数。BaseCallbackHandler
的子类可以实现这些回调函数来处理事件。当事件触发时,LangChain
的回调管理器 CallbackManager
会调用相应的回调函数。
以下是 BaseCallbackHandler
的定义。请参考源代码。
class BaseCallbackHandler:
"""Base callback handler that can be used to handle callbacks from langchain."""
def on_llm_start(
self, serialized: Dict[str, Any], prompts: List[str], **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when LLM starts running."""
def on_chat_model_start(
self, serialized: Dict[str, Any], messages: List[List[BaseMessage]], **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when Chat Model starts running."""
def on_llm_new_token(self, token: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled."""
def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run when LLM ends running."""
def on_llm_error(
self, error: Union[Exception, KeyboardInterrupt], **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when LLM errors."""
def on_chain_start(
self, serialized: Dict[str, Any], inputs: Dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when chain starts running."""
def on_chain_end(self, outputs: Dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run when chain ends running."""
def on_chain_error(
self, error: Union[Exception, KeyboardInterrupt], **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when chain errors."""
def on_tool_start(
self, serialized: Dict[str, Any], input_str: str, **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when tool starts running."""
def on_tool_end(self, output: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run when tool ends running."""
def on_tool_error(
self, error: Union[Exception, KeyboardInterrupt], **kwargs: Any
) -> Any:
"""Run when tool errors."""
def on_text(self, text: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run on arbitrary text."""
def on_agent_action(self, action: AgentAction, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run on agent action."""
def on_agent_finish(self, finish: AgentFinish, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
"""Run on agent end."""
LangChain
内置支持了一系列回调处理器,我们也可以按需求自定义处理器,以实现特定的业务。
内置处理器
StdOutCallbackHandler
是 LangChain
所支持的最基本的处理器。它将所有的回调信息打印到标准输出。这对于调试非常有用。
LangChain
链的基类 Chain
提供了一个 callbacks
参数来指定要使用的回调处理器。请参考Chain源码
,其中代码片段为:
class Chain(Serializable, ABC):
"""Abstract base class for creating structured sequences of calls to components.
...
callbacks: Callbacks = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
"""Optional list of callback handlers (or callback manager). Defaults to None.
Callback handlers are called throughout the lifecycle of a call to a chain,
starting with on_chain_start, ending with on_chain_end or on_chain_error.
Each custom chain can optionally call additional callback methods, see Callback docs
for full details."""
用法如下:
from langchain.callbacks import StdOutCallbackHandler
from langchain.chains import LLMChain
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
handler = StdOutCallbackHandler()
llm = OpenAI()
prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("Who is {name}?")
chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, callbacks=[handler])
chain.run(name="Super Mario")
你应该期望如下输出:
> Entering new LLMChain chain...
Prompt after formatting:
Who is Super Mario?
> Finished chain.
\n\nSuper Mario is the protagonist of the popular video game franchise of the same name created by Nintendo. He is a fictional character who stars in video games, television shows, comic books, and films. He is a plumber who is usually portrayed as a portly Italian-American, who is often accompanied by his brother Luigi. He is well known for his catchphrase "It\'s-a me, Mario!"
自定义处理器
我们可以通过继承 BaseCallbackHandler
来实现自定义的回调处理器。下面是一个简单的例子,TimerHandler
将跟踪 Chain
或 LLM
交互的起止时间,并统计每次交互的处理耗时。
from langchain.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackHandler
import time
class TimerHandler(BaseCallbackHandler):
def __init__(self) -> None:
super().__init__()
self.previous_ms = None
self.durations = []
def current_ms(self):
return int(time.time() * 1000 + time.perf_counter() % 1 * 1000)
def on_chain_start(self, serialized, inputs, **kwargs) -> None:
self.previous_ms = self.current_ms()
def on_chain_end(self, outputs, **kwargs) -> None:
if self.previous_ms:
duration = self.current_ms() - self.previous_ms
self.durations.append(duration)
def on_llm_start(self, serialized, prompts, **kwargs) -> None:
self.previous_ms = self.current_ms()
def on_llm_end(self, response, **kwargs) -> None:
if self.previous_ms:
duration = self.current_ms() - self.previous_ms
self.durations.append(duration)
llm = OpenAI()
timerHandler = TimerHandler()
prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("What is the HEX code of color {color_name}?")
chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, callbacks=[timerHandler])
response = chain.run(color_name="blue")
print(response)
response = chain.run(color_name="purple")
print(response)
timerHandler.durations
你应该期望如下输出:
The HEX code for blue is #0000FF.
The HEX code of the color purple is #800080.
[1589, 1097]
回调处理器的适用场景
通过 LLMChain
的构造函数参数设置 callbacks
仅仅是众多适用场景之一。接下来我们简明地列出其他使用场景和示例代码。
对于 Model
,Agent
, Tool
,以及 Chain
都可以通过以下方式设置回调处理器:
1. 构造函数参数 callbacks
设置
关于 Chain
,以 LLMChain
为例,请参考本讲上一部分内容。注意在 Chain
上的回调器监听的是 chain
相关的事件,因此回调器的如下函数会被调用:
- on_chain_start
- on_chain_end
- on_chain_error
Agent
, Tool
,以及 Chain
上的回调器会分别被调用相应的回调函数。
下面分享关于 Model
与 callbacks
的使用示例:
timerHandler = TimerHandler()
llm = OpenAI(callbacks=[timerHandler])
response = llm.predict("What is the HEX code of color BLACK?")
print(response)
timerHandler.durations
你应该期望看到类似如下的输出:
['What is the HEX code of color BLACK?']
generations=[[Generation(text='\n\nThe hex code of black is #000000.', generation_info={'finish_reason': 'stop', 'logprobs': None})]] llm_output={'token_usage': {'prompt_tokens': 10, 'total_tokens': 21, 'completion_tokens': 11}, 'model_name': 'text-davinci-003'} run=None
The hex code of black is #000000.
[1223]
2. 通过运行时的函数调用
Model
,Agent
, Tool
,以及 Chain
的请求执行函数都接受 callbacks
参数,比如 LLMChain
的 run
函数,OpenAI
的 predict
函数,等都能接受 callbacks
参数,在运行时指定回调处理器。
以 OpenAI
模型类为例:
timerHandler = TimerHandler()
llm = OpenAI()
response = llm.predict("What is the HEX code of color BLACK?", callbacks=[timerHandler])
print(response)
timerHandler.durations
你应该同样期望如下输出:
['What is the HEX code of color BLACK?']
generations=[[Generation(text='\n\nThe hex code of black is #000000.', generation_info={'finish_reason': 'stop', 'logprobs': None})]] llm_output={'token_usage': {'prompt_tokens': 10, 'total_tokens': 21, 'completion_tokens': 11}, 'model_name': 'text-davinci-003'} run=None
The hex code of black is #000000.
[1138]
关于 Agent
,Tool
等的使用,请参考官方文档API。
总结
本节课程中,我们学习了什么是 Callback
回调,如何使用回调处理器,以及在哪些场景下可以接入回调处理器。下一讲,我们将一起完成一个完整的应用案例,来巩固本系列课程的知识点。
本节课程的完整示例代码,请参考 09_Callbacks.ipynb。